He dismissed the Appellants’ ministers and appointed new officers of his own. At a council meeting at Westminster on May 3, 1389, Richard formally resumed responsibility for government. By the following spring, however, the Appellant tide had subsided. Two of Richard’s main allies were executed, and others were dismissed from office. In the aptly named “Merciless Parliament” that followed, the Appellants purged the court. Richard returned to his capital humiliated. A few days later London was occupied by the Appellants. Richard dispatched his friend Robert de Vere southward with an armed force, but de Vere was defeated at Radcot Bridge on December 20, 1387. The Lords Appellant, as they were now called-the duke of Gloucester and the earls of Warwick, Arundel, Nottingham, and Derby-mobilized their retinues in self-defense. News of the judges’ opinions frightened the king’s critics, who reacted by bringing an accusatio, or formal appeal, against his allies of treason. At Shrewsbury and Nottingham in August he received vigorous reaffirmation of his rights from the royal courts. Richard reacted to the Commons’ assault by retreating to the Midlands to rally his supporters. De la Pole was replaced as chancellor and put on trial, and a commission of government was appointed to hold office for a year. Richard, stung by the Commons’ effrontery, retorted that he would not remove one scullion from his kitchen at their behest. The massive scale of his demand provoked resistance, and the House of Commons clamoured for his resignation. De la Pole, hastily organizing the coastal defences, sought an unprecedentedly large grant of taxation from Parliament. In the wake of Lancaster’s departure for Spain in July with a large fleet to pursue his claim to the Castilian throne, the French planned an invasion of England. In October 1386 there was a major crisis in Parliament. By 1385 Richard’s relations with the higher nobility were quickly deteriorating. Their repeated criticism of the duke and their involvement in an attempt on his life led to an atmosphere of rancour and suspicion at court. These younger men were deeply jealous of the power and prestige of John of Gaunt, the duke of Lancaster. Richard was also on close terms with some ambitious younger men, notably Robert de Vere, earl of Oxford, and the knights Ralph Stafford and James Berners. By 1383 his personal initiative showed in the choice of his friends and counselors, including two figures of particular importance-Sir Simon Burley, his former tutor, and Burley’s ally, Sir Michael de la Pole, chancellor from 1383. According to the chronicler Thomas Walsingham, a contemporary of Richard’s, the choice of Anne of Bohemia, the daughter of the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV, as his bride in 1381 was very much Richard’s own. In the years after the revolt, Richard’s interest in the affairs of state intermittently increased.
![rochard quinn rochard quinn](https://i.pinimg.com/originals/15/e8/fc/15e8fcc1424a21151a48471fb6a96228.jpg)
Richard II entering London during the Peasants' Revolt, 1381.
![rochard quinn rochard quinn](https://static.standard.co.uk/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/2018/06/04/13/quinn.jpg)
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